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Exhaust
Exhaust gases are pushed out of the cylinder by the upwards motion of the piston following the ignition stroke. The exhaust gases are passed into the exhaust manifold and channelled into the exhaust pipe where they are released into the atmosphere. The exhaust system may contain a smoke box to trap the larger soot particles, it may also be fitted with a catalytic converter which removes some of the harmful components from the exhaust gases. On newer cars some of the exhaust gases are recycled back into the inlet system (typically at the manifold or air filter), this is known as exhaust gas re-circulation EGR.
The efficiency of the combustion process and the design of the engine determine the exhaust constituents. Typically exhaust gases contain oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrous oxides, particulates and unburned hydrocarbons. The diagram below shows the effects of the air-fuel ratio on exhaust constituents in a typical engine.
Ref: [15],[L]
Physical areas of measurement on the exhaust stroke of the cycle:
 | Pressure analysis |
| Temperature analysis |
| Flow analysis |
| Chemical analysis |
| Particle analysis |
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